Rafi Systems, Inc. -- Publishing Division

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Fundamentals of Digital Logic and Microcomputer Design
Revised Edition
by M. Rafiquzzaman, Ph.D.
ISBN # 0-9664980-1-1

Book cover

Features
The Author
Preface

Features:

Combinational and sequential circuits.
Design of registers, ALU, and Control Unit.
Details of computer organization including design of the CPU, cache memory, virtual memory, and pipeline processing.
Comparison of IC technologies including TTL, LSTTL, CMOS, HCMOS, and HCT for digital applications.
Detailed descriptions of the architectures, addressing modes, instruction sets, I/O, and system design concepts of Intel 8086/80386 and Motorola 68000/68020.
Overview of C, C++, and Java.
PLD devices and Programming PALs using ABEL.
Overview of VHDL.
Overview of the Intel 32- and 64-bit microprocessors including 80486, Pentium series including Celeron / Pentium II Xeon and Merced.
Overview of Motorola 32- and 64-bit microprocessors including 68030/68040/68060 and PowerPC.
Overview of the Internet.

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THE AUTHOR

        M. Rafiquzzaman obtained his Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering in Canada in 1974. He worked for Esso/Exxon and Bell Northern Research for approximately 5 years. Dr. Rafiquzzaman is presently a professor of electrical and computer engineering at California State Polytechnic University, Pomona. He was Chair of the department there from 1984 to 1985. Dr. Rafiquzzaman was also an adjunct professor of electrical engineering systems at University of Southern California, Los Angeles. He consulted for ARCO, Rockwell, Los Angeles County, and Ralph M. Parsons Corporation in the areas of computer applications. He has published eight books on computers, which have been translated into Russian, Chinese, and Spanish. He authored his other books with Prentice-Hall, John Wiley, CRC Press, Harper & Row, and West/PWS.
        Dr. Rafiquzzaman is the founder of Rafi Systems, Inc. a manufacturer of biomedical devices (intraocular lenses) using state-of-the-art CNC machines, and also a computer systems consulting firm in California. In 1984, he managed the Olympic Swimming, Diving and Synchronized Swimming teams as chairman of the Contingency commission. He was also involved in developing hardware and software for the Swiss timing, score keeping, and computer systems.
        From 1984 to 1989, he was the instructor for Motorola in Southern California teaching short courses on Motorola 16-bit and 32-bit microprocessors for local industries, including Hughes Aircraft, Lockheed, Northrop, TRW, Ford Aerospace, General Dynamics, McDonnell Douglas and Rockwell. Dr. Rafiquzzaman was involved as a consultant in managing microprocessor-based Airport Remote Maintenance system for FAA (Federal Aviation Administration), Washington, D.C.
       Dr. Rafiquzzaman was an advisor (State Minister) to the President of Bangladesh on computers from 1988 to 1990. He is currently an advisor to the US House Policy Committee's Technology Board. In this capacity, Dr. Rafiquzzaman has been assisting members of US Congress for developing and promoting technology in the public and private sectors to improve the lives of all Americans.

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PREFACE

     This book covers all basic concepts of computer engineering and science from digital logic circuits to the design of a complete microcomputer system in a systematic and simplified manner. It is written to present a clear understanding of the principles and basic tools required to design typical digital systems such as microcomputers.
     To accomplish this goal, the computer is first defined as consisting of three blocks: central processing unit (CPU), memory, and I/O. It has been pointed out that the CPU is analogous to the brain of a human being. Computer memory is similar to human memory. A question asked to a human being is analogous to entering a program into the computer using an input device such as the keyboard, and answering the question by the human is similar in concept to outputting the result required by the program to a computer output device such as the printer. The main difference is that human beings can think independently whereas computers can only answer questions that they are programmed for. Due to the advances in semiconductor technology, it is possible to fabricate the CPU in a single chip. The result is the microprocessor. Intel's Pentium and Motorola's Power PC are typical examples of microprocessors. Memory and I/O chips must be connected to the microprocessor chip to implement a microcomputer so that these microprocessors will be able to perform meaningful operations.
     This book clearly points out that computers only understand 1's and 0's. Hence, it is important for the students to be familiar with binary numbers. Furthermore, the book focuses on the fact that computers can normally only add. Hence, all other operations such as subtraction are performed via addition. This can be accomplished via twos complement arithmetic for binary numbers. Hence, this topic is included, along with a clear explanation of signed and unsigned binary numbers.
     As far as the computer programming is concerned, assembly language programming is covered in this book for typical Intel and Motorola microprocessors. An overview of C, C++, and Java high-level languages is also included. These are the only high-level languages that can perform I/O operations. This book points out the advantages and disadvantages of programming typical microprocessors in C and assembly languages.
     Three design levels are covered in this book: device level, logic level, and system level. Device-level design, which designs logic gates such as AND, OR, and NOT using transistors, is included from a basic point of view. Logic-level design, on the other hand, is the design technique in which logic gates are used to design a digital component such as an adder. Finally, system-level design is covered for typical Intel and Motorola microprocessors. Microcomputers have been designed by interfacing memory and I/O chips to these microprocessors.
     Digital systems at the logic level are classified into two types of circuits, combinational and sequential. Combinational circuits have no memory whereas sequential circuits contain memory. The microprocessors are designed using both combinational and sequential circuits. Therefore, these topics are covered in detail. The revised edition of this book contains certain additional topics. A new chapter (Chapter 11) is added; selected topics in Combinational/Sequential logic, and computer organization are covered. Furthermore, a brief overview of Intel Pentium II Celeron/Xeon, and Motorola MC68060 is included in Chapters 9 and 10 respectively.
     The material included in this book is divided into three sections. The first section contains Chapters 1 through 5. These chapters describe digital circuits at the gate and flip-flop levels and describe the analysis and design of combinational and sequential circuits. The second section contains Chapters 6 through 8, and Chapter 11. These chapters describe microcomputer organization/architecture, programming, design of computer instruction sets, CPU, memory, and I/O. The third section contains Chapters 9 and 10. These chapters contain typical 16-, 32-, and 64-bit microprocessors manufactured by Intel and Motorola. Future plans of Intel and Motorola for the next century are also included. Some sentences are presented in italics throughout the book to point out the importance of certain topics. The details of the topics covered in eleven chapters of this book follow.

Chapter 1 presents an explanation of basic terminologies, fundamental concepts of digital integrated circuits using transistors, a comparison of LSTTL, HC, and HCT IC characteristics, the evolution of computers, the basics of the Internet, and technological forecasts. This chapter points out that HCMOS logic will dominate the future market.
Chapter 2 provides various number systems and codes suitable for representing information in microprocessors.
Chapter 3 covers Boolean algebra along with map simplification of Boolean functions. The basic characteristics of digital logic gates are also presented.
Chapter 4 contains analysis and design of combinational circuits. Typical combinational circuits such as adders, decoders, encoders, multiplexers, and demultiplexers are included. Also, a summary of typical PLD programming languages such as ABEL is included.
Chapter 5 covers various types of flip-flops. Analysis and design of sequential circuits such as counters are also provided.
Chapter 6 presents typical microcomputer architecture, internal microprocessor organization, memory, I/O, and programming concepts.
Chapter 7 includes the fundamentals of instruction set design. Design of registers and ALUs is introduced. Furthermore, control unit design using both hardwired and microprogrammed approaches is included. Nanomemory concepts are also covered.
Chapter 8 explains the basics of memory and I/O design. Topics such as main memory array design, memory management concepts, and cache memory organization are included.
Chapters 9 and 10 contain detailed descriptions of the architectures, addressing modes, instruction sets, and I/O and system design concepts of the Intel 8086 and 80386 and the Motorola MC68000 / MC68HC000 and MC68020 microprocessors. Overviews of the Intel 80486 / Pentium / Pentium Pro / Pentium II / Pentium II Xeon / Celeron and the Motorola 68030 / 68040 / 68060 / PowerPC (32- and 64-bit) microprocessors are included. Finally, future plans by both Intel and Motorola are discussed.
Chapter 11 provides more detailed descriptions of state machine design using ASM chart, array/ROM-based multipliers, microprogramming, cache and virtual memories, and pipeline processing. An overview of VHDL and general classification of computer architectures including SIMD is also covered.

     The book can be used in a number of ways. Because the materials presented are basic and do not require any advanced mathematical background, the book can easily be adopted as a text for three quarter or two semester courses. These courses can be taught at the undergraduate level in engineering and computer science. The recommended course sequence can be digital logic design in the first course, with topics that include selected portions from Chapters 1 through 5 and Chapter 11, followed by a second course on computer architecture / organization (Chapters 6 through 8, and selected portions of Chapter 11). The third course may include Chapters 9 and 10, covering Intel and/or Motorola microprocessors. The book can also be used as a text for courses in Engineering Technology at community colleges.
     The audience of this book can also be graduate students or practicing microprocessor system designers in the industry. Portions of Chapters 9 and 10 can be used as an introductory graduate text in electrical engineering or computer science. Practitioners of microprocessor system design in the industry will find simplified explanations along with examples and comparison considerations than are found in manufacturers manuals.
     The author wishes to express his sincere appreciation to his students, Edrees S. Saraj, Louie Orbiso, Erik Esola, Husadee Pongprachakkul, Eli Castro, Fong Cheng, and Johnny Chang, and to all others for constructive suggestions and typing the manuscript. The author is also grateful to Edward Geller of Rafi Systems, Inc., to Dr. Rajan Chandra of California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, and to Dr. W. C. Miller of the University of Windsor, Canada, for their inspiration and support throughout the writing effort.

M. Rafiquzzaman ,
Pomona, California

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